What should goldenrod do to avoid an insect attack? Duck

A field of golden-flowered stems swaying in an autumn breeze may evoke a peaceful scene. But this tranquility belies serious battles between natural enemies that took place in the spring. In particular, young goldenrod stems are subjected to attack by several species of insects that lay eggs in their apical-leaf buds, inducing growths called galls that can reduce or even completely prevent goldenrod from flowering and producing seeds.

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